Distribution of Glyphosate-Resistance in Echinochloa crus-galli Across Agriculture Areas in the Iberian Peninsula

The levels of resistance to glyphosate 13 barnyard grass ( Echinochloa crus-galli ) populations harvested across different agriculture areas in the Southern Iberian Peninsula were determined greenhouse and laboratory experiments. Shikimate accumulation fast screening separated regarding glyphosate: susceptible (S) E2, E3, E4, E6 resistant (R) E1, E5, E7, E8, E9, E10, E11, E12, E13. However, factor (GR 50 E1–E13/GR E6) values these into three groups: E6, very (VR) 14 C-glyphosate assays performed on two S (E2 showed greater absorption translocation than those found for R (E7 E9) VR (E10 E12) populations. No previous population metabolized amino methyl phosphonic acid (AMPA) glyoxylate, except E10 that 51% non-toxic products. times more 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) activity without herbicide rest, while inhibition EPSPS by 50% (I required much higher These results indicated target-site non-target-site mechanisms implicated E. . Our conclude is independent climate, type crop, geographic region level was mainly due selection pressure made studied.